Selective il-6-trans-signalling inhibitor compositions

ABSTRACT

A selective IL-6-trans-signalling inhibitor can be used to treat a variety of IL-6-mediated conditions, including inflammatory diseases and cancer. The inhibitor can safely be administered to humans at a variety of doses.

BACKGROUND

IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, e.g. in response to infection and tissue damage. IL-6 exerts its multiple biological activities through two main signalling pathways, a so-called classic ligand-receptor pathway via membrane-bound IL-6R present mainly on hepatocytes and certain leukocytes, and a trans-signalling pathway via circulating sIL-6R originating from proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound IL-6R or from alternative splicing.

In the classic pathway, IL-6 directly binds to membrane-bound IL-6R on the surface of a limited range of cell types. The IL-6/IL-6R complex associates with a pre-formed dimer of the signal-transducing gp130 receptor protein, causing steric changes in the gp130 homodimer and thereby initiating an intracellular signalling cascade. Classic signalling is responsible for acute inflammatory defence mechanisms and crucial physiological IL-6 functions, such as growth and regenerative signals for intestinal epithelial cells.

The extracellular domains of IL-6R and gp130 can be generated without the membrane-anchoring domains by translation of alternatively-spliced mRNAs resulting in sIL-6R and sgp130 variants. Additionally, the extracellular domain of IL-6R can be shed by membrane-bound proteases of the A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) family (in humans, ADAM 17) to generate sIL-6R. In the trans-signalling process, sIL-6R binds to IL-6, forming an agonistic complex which binds to trans-membrane gp130 dimers present on a multitude of cell types that do not express membrane-bound IL-6R; IL-6 signalling by signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) is then induced in cells which do not normally respond to IL-6. The activity of the IL-6/sIL-6R complex is normally controlled by high levels of sgp130 present in the circulation which effectively compete with membrane-bound gp130. Trans-signalling is mainly involved in chronic inflammation and has been shown to prevent disease-promoting mucosal T-cell populations from going into apoptosis.

It would be desirable to have a molecule that mimics the natural trans-signalling inhibitor sgp130, but with a higher binding affinity and, consequently, a stronger inhibitory activity. Moreover, it would be desirable to have a molecule that can be administered to humans with minimal toxicity and immunogenic potential.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been found that a selective IL-6-trans-signalling inhibitor can be administered to humans without any significant deleterious effects over a large dosage range. This inhibitor is substantially free of aggregation and glycosylation patterns that are associated with immunogenic potential. In addition, the inhibitor provides a favorable half-life in humans.

The invention provides a polypeptide dimer comprising two monomers of SEQ ID NO: 1. Preferably the monomers are linked by one or more disulfide bridges. Preferably, dimer is linked by disulfide bridges at positions Cys₆₂₃ and Cys₆₂₆ of SEQ ID NO: 1. The invention also provides a polypeptide dimer comprising two monomers of SEQ ID NO: 2. Preferably the monomers are linked by one or more disulfide bridges. Preferably, the dimer is linked by disulfide bridges at positions Cys₆₂₃ and Cys₆₂₆ of SEQ ID NO: 2.

Preferably, the polypeptide dimer comprises no greater than 6% of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose per mole polypeptide and/or includes at least 52% of glycans having one or more sialic acid residues.

The invention also provides a composition comprising the polypeptide dimers disclosed herein. Preferably, no greater than 5% of the polypeptide dimer in the composition is present as an oligomeric aggregate and/or the composition comprises no greater than 10.0%, 8.0%, 6.0 or 4.0% by weight of polypeptides that are a truncated variation of the polypeptide (e.g., a truncated version of SEQ ID NO: 1 with respect to polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a truncated version of SEQ ID NO: 2 with respect to polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2). Moreover, the dimers in such compositions can include the features described in the paragraph above and described in further detail below.

The invention further includes methods of treating conditions described herein with a polypeptide dimer or composition described herein. In addition, the invention includes the use of polypeptide dimers and compositions described herein for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a condition described herein.

In addition, the invention includes methods of preparing the polypeptide dimers, which encompasses associated nucleotide sequences, expression vectors, cells expressing the polypeptide, and purifying the polypeptide. In particular, the invention includes nucleotide sequences encoding the polypeptides disclosed herein, in particular, a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:2 or a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:2. Preferably, the nucleotide sequence is at least 90% identical to the nucleotide sequence of FIG. 3 or FIG. 7 and more preferably encodes a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. Preferably the nucleotide sequence is the nucleotide sequence of FIG. 7.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the trans-signalling pathway of IL-6. sIL-6R generated from alternatively spliced mRNA or proteolytic cleavage is able to bind to IL-6 to form a IL-6/sIL-6 complex that binds to gp130 present on the vast majority of body cell types and induce a intracellular signalling cascade.

FIG. 2 shows that a polypeptide dimer comprising two monomers of SEQ ID NO: 1 does not interfere with IL-6 binding to membrane-bound IL-6R (classic signalling), but selectively binds to the IL-6/sIL-6R complex and prevents trans-signalling.

FIG. 3 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the single gp130-Fc subunit.

FIG. 4 shows a map of the expression vector pANTVhG1. Elements for human IgG or fusion protein expression and for selection in eukaryotic cells are shown as well as relevant restriction enzyme digestion sites (not to scale). Elements include: CMV P, a cytomegalovirus expression promoter; human IgG1 sequences: VH, CH1, Hinge, CH2, and CH3; hIgG1 poly A, human IgG polyadenylation sequence; pAT153; an expression vector sequence derived from pBR322 that contains a replication origin and Amp gene for bacterial resistance against ampicillin; SV40 promoter sequence; DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase coding sequence; MluI, HindIII, EagI and SspI restriction enzyme digestion sequences; and a murine consensus signal sequence. Details of elements for prokaryotic propagation and selection are not shown.

FIG. 5 shows a map of expression vector pFER02. Elements for Peptide 1 expression and for selection in eukaryotic cells as well as relevant restriction enzyme digestion sites are shown (not to scale). Elements include: CMV P, a cytomegalovirus expression promoter: SEQ ID NO: 2, the coding sequence: hIgG1 poly A, human IgG polyadenylation sequence: pAT153; an expression vector sequence derived from pBR322 that contains a replication origin and Amp Gene for bacterial resistance against ampicillin; SV40 promoter sequence; DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase coding sequence; MluI, EagI and SspI restriction enzyme digestion sequences; and a murine consensus signal sequence.

FIG. 6 shows nucleotide sequence elements of the expression plasmid pFER02.

FIG. 7 shows the amino acid sequence of the single gp130-Fc subunit and the nucleotide sequence optimized for optimal codon usage in CHO cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention provides a dimer of two gp130-Fc fusion monomers (e.g., two monomers of SEQ ID NO:1). In its active form, the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 exists as a dimer linked by two disulfide linkages at Cys₆₂₃ and Cys₆₂₆ (FIG. 2). SEQ ID NO: 2 corresponds to the amino acid sequence of a gp130-Fc fusion monomer having the endogenous signal peptide. The signal peptide is removed during protein synthesis, resulting in the production of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1.

The polypeptide dimers described herein selectively inhibit excessive trans-signalling (FIG. 1) and induces apoptosis of the detrimental T-cells involved in multiple inflammatory diseases. The polypeptide dimer targets and neutralises IL-6/sIL-6R complexes and is therefore expected to only inhibit IL-6 trans-signalling in the desired therapeutic concentrations, leaving classic signalling and its many physiological functions, as well as its acute inflammatory defence mechanisms, intact (FIG. 2). The polypeptide dimer is believed to be unable to interfere with classic IL-6 signalling due to steric hindrance; the Fc portion is unable to insert into a cell membrane, making the gp130 portion unavailable for binding to membrane-bound IL-6/sIL-6R complex. Thus, the polypeptide is expected to have efficacy similar to global IL-6 blockade (e.g., tocilizumab, sirukumab) but with fewer side effects.

Polypeptide dimers described herein preferably comprise gp130-Fc monomers having the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the monomers have the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2. In certain embodiments, polypeptide dimers described herein comprise polypeptides having at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:2. Preferably, the polypeptide comprises the gp130 D6 domain (in particular amino acids TFTTPKFAQGE: amino acid positions 585-595 of SEQ ID NO: 1), AEGA in the Fc domain hinge region (amino acid positions 609-612 of SEQ ID NO:1) and does not comprise a linker between the gp130 portion and the Fc domain. In a preferred embodiment, the disclosure provides a polypeptide dimer comprising two monomers having an amino acid sequence at least 90% sequence identify to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises the gp1130 D6 domain, AEGA in the Fc domain hinge region, and there is no linker present between the gp130 portion and the Fc domain. In a preferred embodiment, the disclosure provides a polypeptide dimer comprising two monomers having an amino acid sequence at least 90% sequence identify to SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises the gp130 D6 domain, AEGA in the Fc domain hinge region, and there is no linker present between the gp130 portion and the Fc domain, preferably wherein the monomers are linked by one or more disulfide bridges, and more preferably wherein:

-   -   a. the polypeptide dimer comprises no greater than 6% of         galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose per mole polypeptide, preferably         no greater than 3 mol %, more preferably no greater than 1 mol         %, even more preferably no greater than 0.5 mol % of         galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose,     -   b. the polypeptide dimer comprises glycans, wherein a mean of at         least 52%, preferably at least 54% of the glycans include one or         more sialic acid residues, more preferably 52-65% or     -   c. both.

It is desirable for polypeptides to be substantially free of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose moieties, as these are associated with an immunogenic response. It was surprisingly found that dimers of the invention have low levels of such moieties. In preferred embodiments, the polypeptide (e.g., a polypeptide monomer and/or dimer described herein) contains no greater than 6% of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose per mole polypeptide. Preferably, the polypeptide contains no greater than 4 mole %, 3 mole %, 2 mole %, 1 mole %, 0.5 mole %, 0.2 mole %, 0.1 mole % or even an undetectable level of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (e.g., as measured by WAX-HPLC, NP-HPLC or WAX, preferably as determined by WAX-HPLC). In other embodiments, the polypeptides contain less than 6%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or even 0.1% of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, relative to the total amount of glycans, either by mass or on a molar basis.

In some embodiments, it is also desirable for a polypeptide of the invention to be sialylated, e.g., to increase the half-life of polypeptides of the invention. Each chain of the polypeptide contains 10 putative N-glycosylation sites: nine N-glycosylation sites are located in the gp130 portion and one N-glycosylation site is located in the Fc portion. The polypeptide therefore contains a total of 20 glycosylation sites. In certain embodiments, a mean of at least 52% or at least 54% of glycans on the polypeptide include a sialic acid residue, such as a mean from 52-65% (e.g., as measured by WAX-HPLC, NP-HPLC or WAX, preferably as determined by WAX-HPLC). Preferably, the polypeptide of the invention has an approximate molecular weight of 220 kDa; each 93 kDA having an additional ˜20 kDa molecular weight derived from 10 N-glycosylation chains.

In some embodiments, the invention provides compositions comprising a plurality of polypeptides described herein (e.g., a plurality of polypeptide monomers and/or polypeptide dimers described herein). In some embodiments, a composition comprises a mean of at least 25% (e.g., at least 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, or 40%) mono-sialylated polypeptides: a mean of at least 10% (e.g., at least 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25%) di-sialylated polypeptides; a mean of at least 1% (e.g., at least 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, or 6%) tri-sialylated polypeptides; and/or a mean of at least 0.1% (e.g., at least 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, or 1%) tetra-sialylated glycans; relative to glycan groups in the composition.

It is further desirable to minimize the extent to which polypeptides aggregate, which is herein referred to as oligomerization which results in oligomeric aggregates. “Oligomeric aggregates” as used herein, does not refer to the active dimerized peptide. Instead, the term refers to at an aggregate of a least three monomers (e.g., of SEQ ID NO: 1) or, more typically, at least a dimer of active dimers. It was surprisingly found that the peptide dimers of the invention display low levels of aggregation. In certain embodiments, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1.5%, or even less than 1.0% of the polypeptide is present as an oligomer. The oligomer content can be measured, for example, by size exclusion chromatography-multi angle light scatting (SEC-MALS) or SEC-UV.

Preferably, the polypeptide is present in its full-length form (e.g., includes two full length monomers, e.g., of SEQ ID NO:1). However, cell culture can produce a truncated variant referred to herein as the single gp130 form (SGF). SGF is a covalently-bound two-chain molecule, one chain comprising a the full-length gp130-Fc monomer (e.g., of SEQ ID NO: 1) and a second chain comprising a truncated gp130-Fc monomer (e.g., a truncation of SEQ ID NO: 1), which second chain includes the Fc domain and lacks most or all of the gp130 domain (e.g., terminated before the linker sequence to the Fc region). Studies to date demonstrate that SGF does not have a heterogeneous amino-terminus. SGF can be formed at consistent levels in a bioreactor and once formed, SGF levels are not readily changed during purification, processing or accelerated storage conditions. SGF levels are difficult to remove during purification due to similar physical-chemical properties to the full-length form of the polypeptide dimer; thus efforts to remove SGF can result in a significant reduction in yield. It was surprisingly found that dimers of the invention are nearly always full-length. In certain embodiments, the composition of the invention comprises no greater than 4.0% by weight. 3.0% by weight. 2.0% by weight or even 1.5% by weight of polypeptides that are a truncated variation of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 with respect to polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the composition of the invention comprises no greater than 4.0% by weight, 3.0% by weight, 2.0% by weight or even 1.5% by weight of polypeptides that are a truncated variation of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 with respect to polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2.

The polypeptide of the invention is typically administered parenterally, such as intravenously or subcutaneously.

Suitable formulations include those comprising a surfactant, particularly a nonionic surfactant such as a polysorbate surfactant (e.g., polysorbate 20). Formulations can also include buffering agents and sugars. An exemplary buffering agent is histidine. An exemplary sugar is sucrose. Thus, a suitable formulation could include polysorbate 20 (e.g., 0.01-1 mg/mL, 0.02-0.5 mg/mL, 0.05-0.2 mg/mL), histidine (e.g., 0.5 mM-250 mM, 1-100 mM, 5-50 mM, 10-20 mM) and sucrose (e.g., 10-1000 mM, 20-500 mM, 100-300 mM, 150-250 mM).

Indications

In acute inflammation. IL-6 has been shown to induce the acute phase response in the liver leading to release of the cascade of acute phase proteins, in particular CRP. By forming a complex with sIL-6R shed by apoptotic neutrophils at the site of inflammation and binding of the resulting IL-6/sIL-6R trans-signalling complex to the signal transducer gp130 on endothelial cells, IL-6 induces expression of chemokines such as monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and attracts mononuclear cells. This leads to the resolution of acute inflammation and to the initiation of an adaptive immune response. Thus, in acute inflammation, IL-6 with sIL-6R complex supports the transition between the early predominantly neutrophilic stage of inflammation and the more sustained mononuclear cell influx ultimately also leading to the resolution of inflammation.

Chronic inflammation, such as in Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or psoriasis, is histologically associated with the presence of mononuclear cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, persisting in the tissue after having been acquired for the resolution of the acute inflammatory phase. In models of chronic inflammatory diseases, IL-6 seems to have a detrimental role favouring mononuclear-cell accumulation at the site of injury, through induction of continuous MCP-1 secretion, angio-proliferation and anti-apoptotic functions on T-cells.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), namely CD or UC, is a chronic inflammation occurring in the gut of susceptible individuals that is believed to be independent of a specific pathogen. Alterations in the epithelial mucosal barrier with increased intestinal permeability lead to an enhanced exposure of the mucosal immune system to luminal antigens, which causes an inappropriate activation of the intestinal immune system in patients. The uncontrolled activation of mucosal CD4+ T-lymphocytes with the consecutive excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines induces pathogenic gastrointestinal inflammation and tissue damage. There is a consensus that the main activated immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of IBD are intestinal T-cells and macrophages.

IL-6 is shown to be a central cytokine in IBD in humans. Patients with CD and UC have been found to produce increased levels of IL-6 when compared with controls, the IL-6 levels being correlated to clinical activity. CD patients have also been found to have increased levels of sIL-6R and consequently, IL-6/sIL-6R complex in serum. Lamina propria mononuclear cells obtained from surgical colon specimens from patients with CD and UC showed that both CD4+ T-cells and macrophages produced increased amounts of IL-6 compared to controls. sIL-6R was found to be released via shedding from the surface of macrophages and mononuclear cells with increased production associated with elevated levels of IL-6. In patients with CD, mucosal T-cells showed strong evidence for IL-6 trans-signalling with activation of STAT3, bcl-2 and bcl-xl. The blockade of IL-6 trans-signalling caused T-cell apoptosis, indicating that the IL-6/sIL-6R system mediates the resistance of T-cells to apoptosis in CD.

Thus, in IBD patients, acquired accumulation of disease-promoting CD4+ T-cells in the lamina propria leading to perpetuation of inflammation is critically dependent on anti-apoptotic IL-6/sIL-6R trans-signalling. It is believed that by acting on the IL-6/sIL-6R complex, the polypeptide disclosed herein is useful in treating CD and other inflammatory diseases.

Thus, the polypeptide of the invention can treat IL-6-mediated conditions. IL-6-mediated conditions include inflammatory disease or a cancer. In this regard, the polypeptides and compositions described herein may be administered to a subject having an inflammatory disease, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Crohn's disease, colitis (e.g., colitis not associated with IBD, including radiation colitis, diverticular colitis, ischemic colitis, infectious colitis, celiac disease, autoimmune colitis, or colitis resulting from allergies affecting the colon), dermatitis, psoriasis, uveitis, diverticulitis, hepatitis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), lupus erythematous, nephritis, Parkinson's disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and various cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and vasculitis. In certain embodiments, the inflammatory disease is selected from the group consisting of, diabetes, gout, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or IL-6-mediated condition is inflammatory bowel disease, preferably wherein the treatment induces the remission of inflammatory bowel disease. Preferably, the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, preferably wherein the treatment maintains the remission of inflammatory bowel disease. Preferably, the inflammatory disease or IL-6-mediated condition is rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, uveitis or atherosclerosis. Preferably, the inflammatory disease or IL-6-mediated condition is colitis not associated with inflammatory bowel disease, preferably wherein the colitis is radiation colitis, diverticular colitis, ischemic colitis, infectious colitis, celiac disease, autoimmune colitis, or colitis resulting from allergies affecting the colon. Preferably, the inflammatory disease or IL-6-mediated condition is selected from Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, more preferably from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

For inflammatory disease such as inflammatory bowel disease, treatment can include remission of the condition, maintenance of remission of the condition, or both.

Other embodiments provide a method of treating, reducing the severity of or preventing a cancer, including, but not limited to multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, melanoma, leukemia, lymphoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, lung cancer (including but not limited to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma)), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, plasmocytoma, sarcoma, thymoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, bladder cancer, uterine cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancers, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, hepatoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), T-ALL, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), salivary carcinomas, or other cancers.

Further embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method of treating, reducing the severity of or preventing a disease selected from the group consisting of sepsis, bone resorption (osteoporosis), cachexia, cancer-related fatigue, psoriasis, systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, hyper gammaglobulinemia, Castleman's disease, IgM gammopathy, cardiac myxoma and autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes.

As used herein, the terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, treatment may be administered after one or more symptoms have developed. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example to prevent or delay their recurrence.

The polypeptide of the invention can be administered in conjunction with a second active agent. The second active agent can be one or more of 5-aminosalicylic acid, azathioprine, 5-mercaptopurine and a corticosteroid. Dosage regimes for the administration of 5-aminosalicylic acid, azathioprine. 5-mercaptopurine and corticosteroids are well-known to a skilled person.

Production Methods

A further aspect of the invention provides a vector, which comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:2 as well as cells comprising said vector. The DNA encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2 may be cloned into the vector such that the signal peptide is linked in-frame to the amino terminus of the amino acid sequence of the antibody chain. The signal peptide can be an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein).

The design of the expression vector, including the selection of regulatory sequences, may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, and so forth. Regulatory sequences for mammalian host cell expression include viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and/or enhancers derived from retroviral LTRs, cytomegalovirus (CMV) (such as the CMV promoter/enhancer), Simian Virus 40 (SV40) (such as the SV40 promoter/enhancer), adenovirus, (e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP)), polyoma and strong mammalian promoters such as native immunoglobulin and actin promoters. The host cell may be a mammalian, insect, plant, bacterial, or yeast cell, preferably the cell is a mammalian cell such as a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell. Exemplary CHO cells are (CHO)/dhfr− cells obtained from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, No. 9406067).

Preferably, the host cell is a CHO cell and the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide is codon optimized for use in CHO cells. Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide is the sequence depicted in FIG. 3 or FIG. 7.

The disclosure further provides methods for producing the polypeptides of the invention. In one embodiment, a method is provided for producing a dimer comprising two monomers of SEQ ID NO: 1 linked by a disulfide bridge, said method comprising expressing SEQ ID NO: 1 in cells and purifying said polypeptide. Preferably, methods are provided for producing a dimer comprising two monomers of SEQ ID NO: 2 linked by a disulfide bridge, said method comprising expressing SEQ ID NO: 2 in cells and purifying said polypeptide. Methods for introducing nucleic acid vectors are known to a skilled person and include, e.g., electroporation, transfection, and the like. The transfected cells are cultured to allow the cells to express the desired protein. The cells and culture media are then collected and polypeptide dimers are purified, e.g., by chromatography column steps (e.g., MAbSelect Sure, SP Sepharose, Capto Q). The dimer can also be concentrated and/or treated with viral reduction/inactivation steps.

A further aspect of the invention encompasses polypeptide dimers produced by the methods disclosed herein. Preferably, the dimers have the characteristics described herein (e.g., % of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose per mole polypeptide, sialylation). Dimers produced by the methods can be used to prepare suitable compositions. Said compositions preferably have the characteristics described herein (e.g., low aggregation, truncations).

EXEMPLIFICATION Example 1 Preparation and Characterization of Peptide 1 (the Polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 in its Active Dimerized Form) Cloning and Expression of Peptide 1 in CHO/Dhfr—Cells

CHO/dhfr⁻ cells were obtained from the European collection of cell cultures (ECACC, No. 9406067). The adherent CHO/dhfr⁻ cells are deficient in dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an enzyme that catalyses the reduction of folate to dihydrofolate and then to tetrahydrofolate. CHO/dhfr⁻ cells thus display sensitivity to the antifolate drug, methotrexate (MTX).

The CHO/dhfr⁻ cell line is well characterised and tested. The safety of the CHO/dhfr⁻ parental cell line as a cell substrate for the production of biopharmaceuticals for human use was confirmed by ECACC (Porton Down. UK) for microbial sterility, mycoplasma, and adventitious viruses according to 21 CFR.

Selection and Construction of the cDNA Sequence

The cDNA sequence of Peptide 1 (the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1) was synthesised as a single DNA fragment by GeneArt AG (Regensburg, Germany) using the sequence for the extracellular domain of gp130 (IL6ST, NCBI Gene ID 3572, transcript variant 1 (NP_002175), amino acids 23-617) and Fc domain of human IgG1 (IGHG1, NCBI Gene ID 3500, amino acids 221-447 according to Kabat EU numbering). The sequence was optimised for optimal codon usage in CHO cells. Three well-characterised point mutations were introduced into the lower hinge region of the Fc part.

The cDNA sequence was further modified by replacing the original gp130 signal peptide with a mouse IgG heavy chain signal peptide of known efficacy in CHO cell expression systems. The signal peptide is cleaved off during protein synthesis. The presence of the IgG1 Cys-Pro-Pro-Cys sequence in the Fc region results in the dimerisation of two identical gp130-Fc subunits via the sulfhydryl residues on the Fc region, which together form Peptide 1.

FIG. 3 presents the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the gp130-Fc subunit used for the formation of Peptide 1.

Construction of the Expression Plasmid for Selection of the Master Cell Bank (MCB)

The Peptide 1 cDNA was cloned into a pANTVhG1 expression vector (Antitope) containing the dhfr gene for transfectant selection with MTX (FIG. 4) as follows: First, the expression vector was digested with MluI and EagI restriction enzymes to permit the insertion of Peptide 1 cDNA. Second, the Peptide 1 coding region was PCR amplified using the OL1425 and OL1426 primers (Table 1) and digested with MluI and EagI restriction enzymes. Third, the digested fragments were gel purified and ligated together to generate the pFER02 expression vector (FIG. 5). The Peptide 1 cDNA was inserted under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter.

Table 2 presents the function of the pFER02 expression elements. FIG. 6 presents the nucleotide sequences of the pFER02 expression elements.

TABLE 1 Oligonucleotide Sequences Used to Amplify the Peptide 1 Coding Region for Cloning into pANTVhG1 Primer Sequence (5′-3′)* OL1425 ctgttgctacgcgtgtccactccGAGCTGCTGGATCCTT GCGGC OL1426 gcgggggcttgccggccgtggcactcaCTTGCCAGGAGA CAGAGACAG *Peptide 1-specific sequences are shown in upper case, vector-specific sequences are shown in lower case and restriction sites are underlined

TABLE 2 pFER02Expression Elements Feature Function CMV promoter Immediate-early promoter/enhancer. Permits efficient, high-level expression of the recombinant protein hIgG1 polyA Human IgG polyadenylation sequence Ampicillin resistance gene (β-lactamase) Selection of vector in E. coli SV40 early promoter and origin Allows efficient, high-level expression of the neomycin resistance gene and episomal replication in cells expressing SV40 large T antigen DHFR Selection of stable transfectants in CHO dhfr- cells SV40 polyadenylation signal Efficient transcription termination and polyadenylation of mRNA

Cell Line Selection Process Leading to the Final Peptide 1 Producing Clone

The pFER02 vector was linearised with the blunt-end restriction enzyme SspI, which has a single recognition site located in the beta-lactamase gene. The linearised plasmid was transfected into 5×10⁶CHO/dhfr⁻ cells using lipid-mediated transfection. Twenty-four hours after transfection, transfected cells were selected in medium supplemented with 5% dialysed foetal calf serum (FCS) and 100 nM methotrexate (MTX). Transfected cells were diluted into this medium at various densities and dispensed into 96-well, flat bottom tissue culture plates. Cells were then incubated in a humidified atmosphere at 5% CO₂ and 37° C. Fresh MTX selection medium was added at regular intervals during the incubation time to ensure that MTX levels and nutrient levels remained constant.

Initial Cell Line Selection with MTX Selection

For several weeks post transfection, tissue culture plates were examined using a Genetix CloneSelect® Imager, and >2,000 wells were observed to have actively growing colonies. Supernatants from these wells were sampled and assayed for Peptide 1 titre by ELISA. Based on the results of this assay, a total of 105 of the best expressing wells were expanded into 48-well plates. A total of 83 cell lines were selected for expansion into 6-well plates or T-25 flasks; supernatant from each of the cell lines was sampled and assayed for Peptide 1 titre (ELISA). Based on these results, 54 of the best expressing cell lines with optimal growth characteristics were selected for expansion into T-75 or T-175 flasks; supernatants from the confluent flasks were sampled and Peptide 1 titres quantified (ELISA). Comparison of the expression levels between the cell lines allowed for the identification of the 38 best cell lines which were selected for productivity analysis. Productivity was assessed as follows:

Productivity(pg/cell/day)=((Th−Ti)/((Vh+Vi)/2))/time

Where:

-   -   Th is the harvest titre [μg/mL]     -   Ti is the initial titre [μg/mL]     -   Vh is the viable cell count at harvest [×10⁶ cells/mL]     -   Vi is the initial viable cell count [×10⁶ cells/mL]     -   Time is the elapsed time (days) between Ti and Th         Based on productivity results (pg/cell/day), 13 cell lines were         selected for gene amplification.

MTX-Driven Gene Amplification for Peptide 1 Cell Line Selection

The 13 selected cell lines were chosen for the first round of gene amplification by selective pressure under increasing concentrations of MTX (0.1-50 M). After 7-10 days, supernatant from each well from each of the 13 cell lines were sampled and assayed for Peptide 1 titre (ELISA). Wells from each cell line with high Peptide 1 expression levels were assessed for productivity (pg/cell/day). A second round of gene amplification was initiated with a total of 16 wells from cell lines that showed significant increases in productivity.

The second round of gene amplification was conducted in the presence of increased MTX concentrations; supernatants from each culture were assayed for Peptide 1 titre (ELISA). Selected wells from each cell line were expanded and productivity was assessed (pg/cell/day); five cell lines with increased productivity in response to increased MTX selection pressure were identified. These five cell lines were progressed to a third round of gene amplification using selection pressure under increased MTX concentration; supernatants from each well were assayed for Peptide 1 titre (ELISA). Selected wells for each cell line were expanded and productivity (pg/cell/day) was assessed; five cell lines demonstrating high Peptide 1 expression were selected.

Limiting Dilution of Clones

Limiting dilution cloning was performed on the five cell lines demonstrating Peptide 1 expression. After one week of incubation, plates were examined using a Genetix CloneSelect® Imager and single colonies were identified. The growth rates of two cell lines during dilution cloning were noted as being particularly slow and so these cell lines were discontinued. In total, from the three remaining cell lines, 58 clonal colonies were selected for expansion, first into 48-well plates and then successively expanded through 12-well plates, T-25 flasks and T-75 flasks in the absence of MTX. Each of the 58 selected clones was then assessed for productivity (pg/cell/day); 16 clones were selected for suspension adaptation and adaptation to growth in a chemically-defined medium.

Adaptation of Cell Lines to Suspension Culture in Chemically Defined Medium

The 16 cell lines were adapted to suspension culture in a chemically-defined medium as follows: selected cell lines in adherent culture were first adapted to suspension both in CHO suspension growth medium (DMEM high glucose, including L-glutamine and sodium pyruvate, 5% dialysed FCS. 20 mg/L L-proline, 1× penicillin/streptomycin. 1% pluronic F68) and then in chemically defined suspension growth medium (CD Opti-CHO® from Life Technologies Ltd. (Paisley, UK), 2.5% dialysed FCS, 0.1× penicillin/streptomycin, 8 mM Glutamax®).

Once adapted to suspension culture, the cell lines were weaned, in stages, into a serum-free chemically-defined suspension growth medium (CD Opti-CHO®, 0.1× penicillin/streptomycin, 8 mM Glutamax®). MTX was omitted from all suspension cultures. The adapted lines were expanded and seed cell banks were prepared. Briefly, cells were expanded to 300 mL total volume and harvested when cell density exceeded 0.85×10⁶ cells/mL and viability was >90%. A further 3×10⁷ cells were seeded into a fresh flask containing 70 mL suspension growth medium for growth and productivity analysis. The remaining cells were harvested by centrifugation and resuspended in an appropriate volume of freezing medium to yield a cell suspension at 1×10′ cells/mL. Vials were frozen down to −80° C. The cell bank was then transferred to liquid nitrogen for long-term storage.

The 16 cell lines were further refined down to 5 clones after serum-free adaptation. The 5 clones were assessed for growth (cell density and cell doubling time) and productivity (pg/cell/day), after which 3 clones were selected. One clone was selected to make a master cell bank.

Preparation of the master cell bank (MCB) and working cell bank (WCB) was carried out. One vial from the pre-seed stock was used for the preparation of a 200 vial MCB, and one vial of MCB was used to prepare a 200 vial WCB. In each case, a vial was thawed and the cryopreservation medium removed by centrifugation. The cells were resuspended and propagated in volume in growth medium (CD OptiCHO®/4 mM L-glutamine). Four passages were performed during the creation of MCB and six passages were performed during the creation of WCB.

When sufficient cells were obtained, cells were aliquoted in cryopreservation medium (92.5% CD OptiCHO®/7.5% DMSO) into polypropylene vials (each containing approximately 1.5×10⁷ viable cells) and cryopreserved by reducing the temperature to −100° C. over a period of at least 60 minutes in a gradual freezing process. Vials are stored in a vapour phase liquid nitrogen autofill container in a GMP controlled area.

Description of the Drug Substance (DS) Manufacturing Process

A brief description of the Peptide 1 DS manufacturing process is as follows. Cells from a WCB vial are revived and progressively expanded using protein-free medium prior to inoculation into a production bioreactor. Upon completion of the cell culture, cells and cell debris are removed by filtration of the culture.

Purification consists of three chromatography column steps (MAbSelect Sure, SP Sepharose, Capto Q), a concentration and diafiltration step and includes two specific viral reduction/inactivation steps; Triton X-100 (inactivation of enveloped viruses) treatment and a nanofiltration step (removal of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses).

Following concentration and diafiltration, excipients are added for the formulation of the DS. The formulated Peptide 1 is 0.22 μm filtered into containers.

The Sartobind Phenyl column, used in the 10,000 L batch in place of the Capto Q column, is effective in reducing the presence of oligomers. This column was able to reduce the level of oligomeric forms from an average of 2.7% to 1%.

Analytical Methods

Glycan structure analysis was carried out at Procognia Limited (Ashdod, Israel). N-glycans were released from the sample using PNGase F and then labelled with 2-aminobenzamide. Released glycans were treated with or without a series of exoglycosidases in order to generate different glycan forms. Glycans were separated by two-dimensional HPLC analysis (NP-HPLC and WAX) and identified by comparison to a retention time database which was built using in-house-prepared standards separated and analysed by the same two-dimensional HPLC analysis.

Sialic Acid Content

Ultra high pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used to determine the sialic acid content and confirm peptide identity. The method was conducted using a Acquity UPIC BEH C18 1.7 μm 2.1×50 column and the following mobile phase: 9:7:84/acetonitrile:methanol:water, with a flow rate 0.3 mL/min. The sialic acids were released from the test sample by enzymatic cleavage with sialydase and were thereafter derivatised with a fluorescent label (1,2 diamino 4,5 methylenedioxybenzene dihydrochloride (DMB)). The labelled test sample was separated by UPLC with isocratic elution and fluorescence detection with an excitation wavelength of 373 nm and an emission wavelength of 448 nm. The sialic acid content in the test samples was quantified relative to the N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA) and N-acetlyneuraminic acid (NANA) standards, run as a standard curve. NGNA and NANA sialic acid content is reported as pmol sialic acid/pmol protein.

Sialylation Pattern

Weak anion exchange (WAX)-HPLC was used for determination of the % of the neutral, mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-sialylated glycans. The method entails enzymatic release of the N-glycans from the drug substance with PNGase, fluorescent labelling with 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB), desalting using Ludger DI cartridges. The separation of sialylated glycans was conducted by WAX-HPLC, using a Glyco Sep C column with a 20% acetonitrile/0.5M ammonium format gradient at 40° C. The fluoresce detection was set to at 330 nm excitation and 420 nm emission. Testing of a reference standard was carried out in parallel. The % of the neutral, mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-sialylated glycans were determined from the WAX-HPLC chromatogram and reported.

Purity, SEC

Size-exclusion HPLC (SEC) was used to determine drug substance purity by separating intact active dimers from the SGF and oligomeric forms (comprised primarily of dimers of active dimers). The intact active dimer molecule consists of the two identical glycosylated protein subunits (the gp130 extracellular domain fused to the Fc part of the human IgG1 heavy chain). Samples were separated on the basis of molecular weight using a gel permeation column (TSK G3000_(SWXL)) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a mobile phase of 0.2 M sodium phosphate pH 7.0. Column eluate was monitored at 280 nm. The intact species is identified by its characteristic retention time; the % purity of the active dimer is expressed as a percentage of the total integrated peak area.

Oligomeric Forms

The percentage of oligomeric forms is determined using the SEC method presented above. The percentage of oligomeric forms is expressed as a percentage of the total integrated peak area.

Single gp130 Form (SGF)

The percentage of SGF was determined using the SEC method presented above. The percentage of SGF is expressed as a percentage of the total integrated peak area.

Results of the analyses are provided in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Characterisation Test Results Batch 1 Batch 2 Batch 3 Batch 4 Batch 5 Batch 6 Analysis Theoretical Value (400 L) (800 L) (800 L) (800 L) (800 L) (10,000 L) Monosaccharide analysis Fucose 7.4 7.9 7.2 6.5 6.3 6.5 (pmol/pmol Peptide 1) Glucosamine 41.6 45.2 42.5 38.6 39.2 42.9 Mannose 44.6 44.2 43.3 39.8 38.9 39.8 Galactose 21.9 23.1 20.8 19.8 20.8 19.3 Sialylation pattern, by Neutral 40.9 43.2 49.7 50.9 40.8 45.2 WAX-HPLC Mono-sialylated 34.2 33.3 32.6 32.9 33.9 33.4 Di-sialylated 20.1 19.1 16.0 14.7 20.4 17.7 Tri-sialylated 4.3 4.1 1.7 1.4 4.9 3.5 Tetra-sialylated 0.4 0.4 ND ND ND 0.3 Total core fucose 64.1 65.8 61.4 63.3 62.4 65.6 Total Sialylation 52.2 49.6 43.0 39.8 54.1 48.0 Gal-alpha-1,3- Not Not Not Not Not Not Gal detectable detectable detectable detectable detectable detectable Oxidised forms by RP- Report Ox 1 Not tested ND ND 0.035 0.013 0.009 HPLC result Ox 2 0.198 0.175 0.172 0.177 0.158 (% area of oxidised Ox 3 0.127 0.123 0.119 0.119 0.123 peptide vs. non-oxidised Ox 4 ND ND ND ND ND peptide in the tested Ox 5 ND ND ND ND ND sample) MW and presence of % Dimer 91.2 ± 0.2  92.3 ± 0.2  93.9 ± 0.1  95.2± 0.1 94.2 ± 0.0  95.9 ± 0.0  SGF and Oligomeric % Oligomeric 4.7 ± 0.1 4.3 ± 0.1 2.4 ± 0.1  1.8 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.0 forms by SEC-MALS forms % SGF 4.1 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 0.1 3.7 ± 0.1 2.97 ± 0.1  3.9 ± 0.1 3.1 ± 0.0

Description and Composition of the Drug Product (DP)

The DP is a sterile solution to be administered by i.v. infusion. The DP consists of Peptide 1 at a concentration of 15 mg/mL in an isotonic solution containing 25 mM L-histidine, 200 mM sucrose and 0.1 mg polysorbate 20/mL at pH 7.6. The vials are overlaid with nitrogen for protection against oxidation. The product is intended for single use and storage at −20° C. until thawing for clinical administration.

Composition and Batch Formula

The batch formula for the drug product is presented in Table 4.

TABLE 4 DP Batch Composition Component Amount Quality standard Peptide 1 720 g Ferring specification L-Histidine 186.18 g Ph. Eur./USP* Sucrose 3286.08 g Ph. Eur./USP* Polysorbate 20 4.8 g Ph. Eur./USP* WFI ad 49536 g Ph. Eur./USP* Sodium hydroxide quantum satis Ph. Eur./USP* Nitrogen quantum satis Ph. Eur./USP* *curr. Ed.

Example 2 Clinical Trial 000067 (Single Dose) Design

This was a single-dose, placebo controlled, single blinded, randomised within dose, parallel group dose-escalating trial. The trial was conducted in two parts, where Part 1 included healthy subjects and Part 2 included patients with CD in clinical remission. The objective was to examine the safety and tolerability, and if possible, to obtain signs of pharmacological effects, after single doses of Peptide 1.

In Part 1, 64 subjects were included, of whom 48 (44 men, 4 women) received active treatment and 16 (all men) received placebo. Seven doses were investigated and administered as an i.v. infusion over 30 minutes (0.75 mg, 7.5 mg, 75 mg), or 1 hour (150 mg, 300 mg, 600 mg, and 750 mg). In addition, 6 subjects received a s.c. dose of 60 mg Peptide 1 and 2 subjects received a s.c. dose of placebo. Peptide 1 was administered at 15 mg/mL in 25 mM histidine, 200 mM sucrose and 0.1 mg/mL polysorbate 20.

In Part 2, 24 patients were included, of whom 18 (11 men. 7 women), received active treatment (75 mg, 300 mg, and 750 mg) and 6 (4 men, 2 women) received placebo, all administered by i.v.

Results

The PK evaluation after i.v. administrations of Peptide 1 showed dose proportionality for both AUC and Cmax in the range 0.75 mg to 750 mg, the Cmax concentrations in plasma ranging from 0.2 to 170 μg/mL (FIG. 3). The clearance was approx. 0.13 L/h, the mean terminal half-life approx. 4.5 days, and the distribution volume approx. 20 L, the latter indicating some extravascular distribution. The s.c. administration of 60 mg Peptide 1 showed a Cmax of 1.1 μg/mL at 2.3 days, and a half-life of 5.0 days. The bioavailability after s.c. administration of Peptide 1 was calculated to be approx. 50%.

The i.v. administration of 75, 300, and 750 mg to CD patients in remission showed very similar results as for the healthy subjects (FIG. 4). The AUC and Cmax were dose proportional with Cmax concentrations of 16, 76, and 186 μg/mL (16, 77, and 161 μg/mL for healthy subjects). The clearance was approx. 0.13 Uh, the mean terminal half-life approx. 4.6 days, and the distribution volume approx. 22 L.

The safety profile of Peptide 1 was favourable with few adverse events occurring in all treatment groups, including the placebo group, all being mild or moderate. No apparent dose-related trends in incidence or frequency of adverse events were observed. The infusions were discontinued in two subjects, one due to mild (Part 1, 300 mg group) and one due to moderate (Part 2, 75 mg group) infusion reactions.

There were no apparent dose-related trends or treatment-related changes in vital signs, ECG, or clinical chemistry parameters.

One healthy subject in the 300 mg group showed non-neutralising treatment emergent anti-Peptide 1 antibodies at the follow-up visit 5-6 weeks after administration.

Overall, Peptide was safe and well tolerated when administered intravenously up to 750 mg as a single i.v. dose, and at 60 mg as a single s.c. dose.

Example 3 Clinical Trial 000115 (Multiple Ascending Dose) Design

This was a placebo controlled, double-blind, within dose-group randomised, parallel group trial with the objective to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of multiple ascending doses of Peptide 1. The doses investigated were 75, 300 and 600 mg Peptide 1 administered once a week, for 4 weeks, by i.v. infusion over 30 minutes (75 mg) or 1 hour (300 mg and 600 mg).

Twenty-four (24) healthy subjects were included, of whom 18 (11 men and 7 women) received active treatment and 6 (2 men and 4 women) received placebo.

Results

The PK evaluation showed very close characteristics on the first and last treatment days, and similar to the results in the single-dose study. The AUC and Cmax were dose proportional after first and fourth dosing with Cmax concentrations of 19, 78, and 148 μg/mL after the first dose, and 19, 79, and 142 μg/mL after the fourth dose (16, 77, and 161 μg/mL for single dose in healthy subjects; FIG. 5). The corresponding trough values were 0.66, 2.68, 4.56 μg/mL and 0.98, 3.95 and 7.67 μg/mL for the three dose levels. The mean terminal half-life as calculated after the last dose was approx. 5.5 days.

The safety profile of Peptide 1 was favourable with few adverse events occurring in all treatment groups, including the placebo group, all being mild or moderate. No apparent dose-related trends in incidence or frequency of adverse events were observed. One subject (600 mg group) was withdrawn due to mild infusion reactions.

There were no apparent dose-related trends or treatment related changes in vital signs, ECG, or clinical chemistry parameters.

No anti-Peptide 1 antibodies were detected in any of the subjects.

Overall, Peptide 1 was safe and well tolerated when administered i.v. up to 600 mg once weekly for 4 weeks.

SEQUENCE LISTING SEQ ID NO: 1 Glu Leu Leu Asp Pro Cys Gly Tyr Ile Ser Pro Glu 1               5                   10 Ser Pro Val Val Gln Leu His Ser Asn Phe Thr Ala         15                  20 Val Cys Val Leu Lys Glu Lys Cys Met Asp Tyr Phe 25                  30                  35 His Val Asn Ala Asn Tyr Ile Val Trp Lys Thr Asn             40                  45 His Phe Thr Ile Pro Lys Glu Gln Tyr Thr Ile Ile     50                  55                  60 Asn Arg Thr Ala Ser Ser Val Thr Phe Thr Asp Ile                 65                  70 Ala Ser Leu Asn Ile Gln Leu Thr Cys Asn Ile Leu         75                  80 Thr Phe Gly Gln Leu Glu Gln Asn Val Tyr Gly Ile 85                  90                  95 Thr Ile Ile Ser Gly Leu Pro Pro Glu Lys Pro Lys             100                 105 Asn Leu Ser Cys Ile Val Asn Glu Gly Lys Lys Met     110                 115                 120 Arg Cys Glu Trp Asp Gly Gly Arg Glu Thr His Leu                 125                 130 Glu Thr Asn Phe Thr Leu Lys Ser Glu Trp Ala Thr         135                 140 His Lys Phe Ala Asp Cys Lys Ala Lys Arg Asp Thr 145                 150                 155 Pro Thr Ser Cys Thr Val Asp Tyr Ser Thr Val Tyr             160                 165 Phe Val Asn Ile Glu Val Trp Val Glu Ala Glu Asn     170                 175                 180 Ala Leu Gly Lys Val Thr Ser Asp His Ile Asn Phe                 185                 190 Asp Pro Val Tyr Lys Val Lys Pro Asn Pro Pro His         195                 200 Asn Leu Ser Val Ile Asn Ser Glu Glu Leu Ser Ser 205                 210                 215 Ile Leu Lys Leu Thr Trp Thr Asn Pro Ser Ile Lys             220                 225 Ser Val Ile Ile Leu Lys Tyr Asn Ile Gln Tyr Arg     230                 235                 240 Thr Lys Asp Ala Ser Thr Trp Ser Gln Ile Pro Pro                 245                 250 Glu Asp Thr Ala Ser Thr Arg Ser Ser Phe Thr Val         255                 260 Gln Asp Leu Lys Pro Phe Thr Glu Tyr Val Phe Arg 265                 270                 275 Ile Arg Cys Met Lys Glu Asp Gly Lys Gly Tyr Trp             280                 285 Ser Asp Trp Ser Glu Glu Ala Ser Gly Ile Thr Tyr     290                 295                 300 Glu Asp Arg Pro Ser Lys Ala Pro Ser Phe Trp Tyr                 305                 310 Lys Ile Asp Pro Ser His Thr Gln Gly Tyr Arg Thr         315                 320 Val Gln Leu Val Trp Lys Thr Leu Pro Pro Phe Glu 325                 330                 335 Ala Asn Gly Lys Ile Leu Asp Tyr Glu Val Thr Leu             340                 345 Thr Arg Trp Lys Ser His Leu Gln Asn Tyr Thr Val     350                 355                 360 Asn Ala Thr Lys Leu Thr Val Asn Leu Thr Asn Asp                 365                 370 Arg Tyr Leu Ala Thr Leu Thr Val Arg Asn Leu Val         375                 380 Gly Lys Ser Asp Ala Ala Val Leu Thr Ile Pro Ala 385                 390                 395 Cys Asp Phe Gln Ala Thr His Pro Val Met Asp Leu             400                 405 Lys Ala Phe Pro Lys Asp Asn Met Leu Trp Val Glu     410                 415                 420 Trp Thr Thr Pro Arg Glu Ser Val Lys Lys Tyr Ile                 425                 430 Leu Glu Trp Cys Val Leu Ser Asp Lys Ala Pro Cys         435                 440 Ile Thr Asp Trp Gln Gln Glu Asp Gly Thr Val His 445                 450                 455 Arg Thr Tyr Leu Arg Gly Asn Leu Ala Glu Ser Lys             460                 465 Cys Tyr Leu Ile Thr Val Thr Pro Val Tyr Ala Asp     470                 475                 480 Gly Pro Gly Ser Pro Glu Ser Ile Lys Ala Tyr Leu                 485                 490 Lys Gln Ala Pro Pro Ser Lys Gly Pro Thr Val Arg         495                 500 Thr Lys Lys Val Gly Lys Asn Glu Ala Val Leu Glu 505                 510                 515 Trp Asp Gln Leu Pro Val Asp Val Gln Asn Gly Phe             520                 525 Ile Arg Asn Tyr Thr Ile Phe Tyr Arg Thr Ile Ile     530                 535                 540 Gly Asn Glu Thr Ala Val Asn Val Asp Ser Ser His                 545                 550 Thr Glu Tyr Thr Leu Ser Ser Leu Thr Ser Asp Thr         555                 560 Leu Tyr Met Val Arg Met Ala Ala Tyr Thr Asp Glu 565                 570                 575 Gly Gly Lys Asp Gly Pro Glu Phe Thr Phe Thr Thr             580                 585 Pro Lys Phe Ala Gln Gly Glu Asp Lys Thr His Thr     590                 595                 600 Cys Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Ala Glu Gly Ala                 605                 610 Pro Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp         615                 620 Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys 625                 630                 635 Val Val Val Asp Val Ser His Glu Asp Pro Glu Val             640                 645 Lys Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His     650                 655                 660 Asn Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Tyr Asn                 665                 670 Ser Thr Tyr Arg Val Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Leu         675                 680 His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys 685                 690                 695 Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Ile Glu             700                 705 Lys Thr Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu     710                 715                 720 Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro Ser Arg Glu Glu                 725                 730 Met Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val         735                 740 Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp 745                 750                 755 Glu Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr             760                 765 Thr Pro Pro Val Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe     770                 775                 780 Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp                 785                 790 Gln Gln Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His         795                 800 Glu Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu 805                 810                 815 Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys             820  SEQ ID NO: 2 Met Leu Thr Leu Gln Thr Trp Leu Val Gln Ala Leu 1               5                   10 Phe Ile Phe Leu Thr Thr Glu Ser Thr Gly Glu Leu         15                  20 Leu Asp Pro Cys Gly Tyr Ile Ser Pro Glu Ser Pro 25                  30                  35 Val Val Gln Leu His Ser Asn Phe Thr Ala Val Cys             40                  45 Val Leu Lys Glu Lys Cys Met Asp Tyr Phe His Val     50                  55                  60 Asn Ala Asn Tyr Ile Val Trp Lys Thr Asn His Phe                 65                  70 Thr Ile Pro Lys Glu Gln Tyr Thr Ile Ile Asn Arg         75                  80 Thr Ala Ser Ser Val Thr Phe Thr Asp Ile Ala Ser 85                  90                  95 Leu Asn Ile Gln Leu Thr Cys Asn Ile Leu Thr Phe             100                 105 Gly Gln Leu Glu Gln Asn Val Tyr Gly Ile Thr Ile     110                 115                 120 Ile Ser Gly Leu Pro Pro Glu Lys Pro Lys Asn Leu                 125                 130 Ser Cys Ile Val Asn Glu Gly Lys Lys Met Arg Cys         135                 140 Glu Trp Asp Gly Gly Arg Glu Thr His Leu Glu Thr 145                 150                 155 Asn Phe Thr Leu Lys Ser Glu Trp Ala Thr His Lys             160                 165 Phe Ala Asp Cys Lys Ala Lys Arg Asp Thr Pro Thr     170                 175                 180 Ser Cys Thr Val Asp Tyr Ser Thr Val Tyr Phe Val                 185                 190 Asn Ile Glu Val Trp Val Glu Ala Glu Asn Ala Leu         195                 200 Gly Lys Val Thr Ser Asp His Ile Asn Phe Asp Pro 205                 210                 215 Val Tyr Lys Val Lys Pro Asn Pro Pro His Asn Leu             220                 225 Ser Val Ile Asn Ser Glu Glu Leu Ser Ser Ile Leu     230                 235                 240 Lys Leu Thr Trp Thr Asn Pro Ser Ile Lys Ser Val                 245                 250 Ile Ile Leu Lys Tyr Asn Ile Gln Tyr Arg Thr Lys         255                 260 Asp Ala Ser Thr Trp Ser Gln Ile Pro Pro Glu Asp 265                 270                 275 Thr Ala Ser Thr Arg Ser Ser Phe Thr Val Gln Asp             280                 285 Leu Lys Pro Phe Thr Glu Tyr Val Phe Arg Ile Arg     290                 295                 300 Cys Met Lys Glu Asp Gly Lys Gly Tyr Trp Ser Asp                 305                 310 Trp Ser Glu Glu Ala Ser Gly Ile Thr Tyr Glu Asp         315                 320 Arg Pro Ser Lys Ala Pro Ser Phe Trp Tyr Lys Ile 325                 330                 335 Asp Pro Ser His Thr Gln Gly Tyr Arg Thr Val Gln             340                 345 Leu Val Trp Lys Thr Leu Pro Pro Phe Glu Ala Asn     350                 355                 360 Gly Lys Ile Leu Asp Tyr Glu Val Thr Leu Thr Arg                 365                 370 Trp Lys Ser His Leu Gln Asn Tyr Thr Val Asn Ala         375                 380 Thr Lys Leu Thr Val Asn Leu Thr Asn Asp Arg Tyr 385                 390                 395 Leu Ala Thr Leu Thr Val Arg Asn Leu Val Gly Lys             400                 405 Ser Asp Ala Ala Val Leu Thr Ile Pro Ala Cys Asp     410                 415                 420 Phe Gln Ala Thr His Pro Val Met Asp Leu Lys Ala                 425                 430 Phe Pro Lys Asp Asn Met Leu Trp Val Glu Trp Thr         435                 440 Thr Pro Arg Glu Ser Val Lys Lys Tyr Ile Leu Glu 445                 450                 455 Trp Cys Val Leu Ser Asp Lys Ala Pro Cys Ile Thr             460                 465 Asp Trp Gln Gln Glu Asp Gly Thr Val His Arg Thr     470                 475                 480 Tyr Leu Arg Gly Asn Leu Ala Glu Ser Lys Cys Tyr                 485                 490 Leu Ile Thr Val Thr Pro Val Tyr Ala Asp Gly Pro         495                 500 Gly Ser Pro Glu Ser Ile Lys Ala Tyr Leu Lys Gln 505                 510                 515 Ala Pro Pro Ser Lys Gly Pro Thr Val Arg Thr Lys             520                 525 Lys Val Gly Lys Asn Glu Ala Val Leu Glu Trp Asp     530                 535                 540 Gln Leu Pro Val Asp Val Gln Asn Gly Phe Ile Arg                 545                 550 Asn Tyr Thr Ile Phe Tyr Arg Thr Ile Ile Gly Asn         555                 560 Glu Thr Ala Val Asn Val Asp Ser Ser His Thr Glu 565                 570                 575 Tyr Thr Leu Ser Ser Leu Thr Ser Asp Thr Leu Tyr             580                 585 Met Val Arg Met Ala Ala Tyr Thr Asp Glu Gly Gly     590                 595                 600 Lys Asp Gly Pro Glu Phe Thr Phe Thr Thr Pro Lys                 605                 610 Phe Ala Gln Gly Glu Asp Lys Thr His Thr Cys Pro         615                 620 Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Ala Glu Gly Ala Pro Ser 625                 630                 635 Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu             640                 645 Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val     650                 655                 660 Val Asp Val Ser His Glu Asp Pro Glu Val Lys Phe                 665                 670 Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His Asn Ala         675                 680 Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Tyr Asn Ser Thr 685                 690                 695 Tyr Arg Val Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln             700                 705 Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val     710                 715                 720 Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Ile Glu Lys Thr                 725                 730 Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln         735                 740 Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro Ser Arg Glu Glu Met Thr 745                 750                 755 Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val Lys Gly             760                 765 Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser     770                 775                 780 Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro                 785                 790 Pro Val Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr         795                 800 Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp Gln Gln 805                 810                 815 Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu Ala             820                 825 Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu     830                 835                 840 Ser Pro Gly Lys 

1-16. (canceled)
 17. A method of treating a subject, the method comprising: administering to a subject a composition comprising a polypeptide dimer comprising two gp130-Fc monomers comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1; wherein the composition comprises no greater than 6 mol % of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose per mole polypeptide; and wherein the subject exhibits a reduced level of antibody response to the polypeptide dimer relative to a control.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the subject has a chronic inflammatory disease or a chronic IL-6-mediated condition.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the chronic inflammatory disease or chronic IL-6-mediated condition is inflammatory bowel disease.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the chronic inflammatory disease or chronic IL-6-mediated condition is rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, uveitis or atherosclerosis.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the administration induces remission of the inflammatory bowel disease.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein prior to administration of the composition the subject is in remission of inflammatory bowel disease, and administration of the composition maintains the remission of inflammatory bowel disease.
 24. The method according to claim 17, wherein the composition is administered parenterally.
 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the composition is administered intravenously or subcutaneously.
 26. A method of treating a chronic inflammatory disease or a chronic IL-6-mediated condition in a subject comprising: administering to a subject in need thereof a composition comprising a polypeptide dimer comprising two gp130-Fc monomers comprising the amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the monomers comprise the gp130 D6 domain corresponding to the amino acids at positions 585-595 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, an Fc domain hinge region comprising the amino acids at positions 609-612 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, and the monomers do not comprise a linker between the gp130 D6 domain and the Fc domain hinge region, wherein: the composition comprises no greater than 6 mol % of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose per mole polypeptide.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the chronic inflammatory disease or chronic IL-6-mediated condition is inflammatory bowel disease.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the administration of the composition induces remission of the inflammatory bowel disease.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
 30. The method of claim 27, wherein prior to the administration of the composition the subject is in remission of inflammatory bowel disease and administration of the composition maintains the remission of inflammatory bowel disease.
 31. The method of claim 26, wherein the composition is administered parenterally.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the composition is administered intravenously or subcutaneously.
 33. The method of claim 26, wherein the chronic inflammatory disease or chronic IL-6-mediated condition is rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, uveitis or atherosclerosis. 